Understanding Sexual Ethics in Augustine's Philosophy

Augustine's Hierarchy of Sexual Morality and the Concept of Sexual Perversion

Saint Augustine, a towering figure in Christian philosophy, offers a detailed and nuanced view of sexual ethics that continues to influence Christian thought to this day. His views on sexuality, marriage, and sin provide a complex framework for understanding human desires and actions within a moral and theological context. This article delves into Augustine's hierarchy of sexual morality and the intriguing concept of sexual perversion.

Augustine's Hierarchy of Sexual Morality

Augustine posits a hierarchy of sexual morality that categorizes sexual behaviors and intentions according to their moral standing. This hierarchy is deeply rooted in his understanding of natural law and the purpose of human sexuality.

1. Celibacy: At the pinnacle of Augustine's hierarchy is celibacy. He considers a celibate life, devoid of sexual activity, as the highest form of living for individuals capable of such a commitment. This aligns with the Platonic idea that the best life is one focused on contemplation and spiritual pursuits.

2. Continent Marriage: The next best state is a continent marriage, where spouses engage in sexual activity solely for the purpose of procreation. This type of marriage minimizes sexual desire and aims to fulfill the natural purpose of sex: reproduction.

3. Incontinent Marriage: Further down the hierarchy is incontinent marriage, where spouses engage in sexual activity for pleasure, albeit within the confines of marriage. While permissible, this is seen as morally inferior to continent marriage since it deviates from the primary purpose of sex.

4. Extramarital Sex: Augustine categorizes extramarital sex as a mortal sin, marking it as morally impermissible and harmful to the individual's spiritual well-being.

5. Perverted Sex: At the bottom of the hierarchy is perverted sex, which includes any sexual activity that deviates from the natural order, such as acts involving the wrong object of desire (e.g., same-sex, different species, or incorrect body parts). This is considered a grave sin and a deviation from natural law.

The Concept of Sexual Perversion

The concept of sexual perversion in Augustine's philosophy is tied to the natural law framework. According to Augustine, natural law dictates the purpose and proper use of things, including human sexuality. Sexual perversion, then, is any sexual act that deviates from its natural purpose—reproduction. This includes not only extramarital and non-procreative sexual acts but also acts that involve unnatural objects of desire.

Augustine's views on sexual perversion raise questions about the relevance and applicability of natural law in contemporary discussions about sexuality. In a modern context, where views on sexuality have evolved significantly, Augustine's framework challenges us to reconsider the foundations of sexual ethics and morality.

Conclusion

Saint Augustine's hierarchy of sexual morality and his concept of sexual perversion provide a rich and complex framework for understanding sexual ethics within a Christian context. While his views reflect the historical and cultural context of his time, they continue to provoke thought and discussion about the nature of human sexuality, the purpose of marriage, and the role of natural law in ethical deliberation.

Augustine's philosophy invites us to explore the depths of human desire, the meaning of marriage, and the boundaries of moral behavior in the pursuit of a good and virtuous life. As we navigate the complexities of modern sexuality, Augustine's insights offer a valuable perspective on the interplay between nature, desire, and morality.

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